【文化數據Cultural Data|講座詳記】自我的公共性 The Publicness of the Self
講者 Speaker:蔡佩桂 Tsai, Pei-Kuei
回應這次論壇的主題,我想把它定調在自我的公眾性或者公眾當中的每一個小我這樣的問題上,因為數據如果沒有辦法從這個問題或角度去解讀的話,他就會變成一個個數位位元,非常容易被消融到整個大群體當中,變成抽象的東西。
我把前面整個問題的脈絡先鋪陳後,就會回到剛講到這兩年多的一個虛擬城市的工作計畫,叫做「譜普市」。這個計劃事實上來自於非常具體的事件,就是四年前高雄811氣爆。這個氣爆事件,我也要從文化數據的觀點切入,先讓大家能具體地回憶。這是台灣史上規模最大的石化工業災難,當中有好幾條路都肚破腸流,三十二人死亡,三百多位傷者中有六十五位重傷,當發生災難時就有非常多民間團隊迅速集結,開始為這件事貢獻一點心力。一個影像的科技公司在殘破不堪的現場快速地以人力的方式架設了相機,然後做了720度的拍攝,然後就放上網路。因為拍攝者自己就有親人身在災區裡,他相信大部分的人都非常想了解裡面到底發生什麼事情。再給大家另外一個數據,災難發生後的三個月裡,高雄市政府全力搶救與恢復民生與經濟等,這個重建工程的期程進度超前13%以上,所以這個事件似乎很快地就歸於平靜。
我們來回憶一下到底是什麼事情造成這個巨大的災難。今年五月,第一審的判決出來,幫助我們回憶當初的情況,其實是民眾在7月31號深夜開始聞到瓦斯味,然後沿著凱旋三路、三多一路、二聖路、一心路等等,一路上陸續開始有爆炸,後來才發現並不是單純的瓦斯外洩。為了此事件,高雄出動了十二名檢察官,歷時三年多的調查,判定十二人有罪,最長的徒刑是高雄市政府的官員被判四年十個月,當然還可以再上訴。這是目前一審的結果指出是誰造成這樣的過錯,不過我們都知道這只是最直接的原因,真正的原因還有歷史上的因素,就是超過半世紀以來,高雄市事實上是整個台灣經濟重鎮,集結了鋼鐵工業跟石化工業。
這張圖反映了高雄市是如何被五個工業區包圍,大家可以想像地底下就是密布著石化氣體的輸送管線,所以高雄做為台灣經濟上最紮實的生產力,也是造成為重南輕北的狀態。面對這樣巨大的災難,請問藝術可以做什麼?在遇到災難或危機的時候,大家都會自問這樣的問題,如果我們從文化或藝術角度去想回饋這個問題時,我不曉得大家心裡可能可以提供什麼樣的答案。當時,藝文界很快地就有回應的行為,在一個禮拜之內,齊東詩舍中的眾多詩人就為氣爆事件以及災民寫出撫慰心靈的詩。這是當時龍應台寫的詩,是非常細膩動人的,他寫道:「如果早知道一起晚餐的日子有限量,用光了就沒得討,如果早知道每一次的歡喜喧鬧,都是最後的倒數,一筆一筆勾銷,如果早知道今晚你匆匆出門的背影,是我此生此世伸手不及的縈繞,親愛的我會怎樣跪下來親吻你踩過的每一寸泥土」。其實是以同理心的心態去想像倖存者親人的心情而寫下的詩,但事實上網友的反應是酸或者是嗆他。所以在這時間點寫詩,事實上非常容易招致你無法想像的反感。
阿多諾(Theodor W. Adorno)有一個非常著名的說法是,在奧斯威辛之後寫詩是一個野蠻的行為,這樣的大哉問就落到如果想用藝術去回應這樣的情境之下。回憶起阿多諾當時說的,任何批判性的心靈你若無果無法徹底反思,這些很沉潛、靜默的沉澱其實無助於事情,因為真正的狀況是,整個思維體系都已經全面物化了。阿多諾後來有一點後悔之前的說法,所以他在《否定的辯證法》中說道,我之前講的好像不是那麼的對,因為其實留下來的人在長年的悔恨心態或緬懷心態中,他還是有權利可以吶喊的。所以他想說當時講的問題應該調整一下,但是調整後的說法其實更悲觀,他覺得應該問的是,這時你苟延殘喘活下來本身就不對,怎麼活得下來呢,做為一個倖存者,你本身已經成為問題的共謀,所以看到他提出的是一個悲觀的、全面否定的論調。所以在這時候寫詩或從事藝術的行為,其實非常容易引起複雜且難解的問題。
第二個可能性,如果拿藝術來紀念這個事件呢?當氣爆滿周年的時候可能還有很多活動和藝術圈響應的紀念性的行為、但兩三周年後很難想像它能夠延續多久,記憶的淘選能力是非常強的。今年,在當時重災的五權國小周邊完成了一個紀念性的地景式公共藝術,叫做〈記憶的漣漪〉,這件事其實也一波三折,因為這個事件據說是在場居民要求想要一個紀念的形式,但是第一次提出時流標,後來以邀請比件的方式,由顏名宏老師與他的團隊做了一個地景式的園區。乍看之下,園區像是一個小公園,然後在唯一的小建築體內使用基本幾何結構,留下的管路則作為歷史的紀念。這樣的地景詩意地反映了氣爆當時地面被撕裂的情景。這一個計畫其實也有某種寫詩的危險性,不過這是氣爆受難親屬的要求,所以在計畫中也有民眾參與的部分,蒐集民眾的記憶物件後,鑲嵌在行走的記憶步道裡,這其實算是盡可能面面俱到的一個紀念雕塑了。
發表的時候,當然有人給了比較正面的回應,可是也有些一針見血的回覆:「這是一場人為工安疏失,需要警惕而不是紀念;錢要花在刀口上,負債那麼多,還亂花錢,把馬路修平吧,高雄市府的長官們;我熱愛藝術但這個讚我按不下去」。有人說:「就在我家旁邊,每天看根本看不出藝術性,而且完全沒有展現當初柏油路爆裂的感覺,看起來像地震斷層」。這整個作品是以低調、幾何、比較抽象的方式表現,但是當然裡面內潛著一些數據或者死傷者的名單等等的紀念方式讓我們想起林瓔的創作手法,但是對民眾來說不見得是可以思考的狀態。
第三種可能性是藝術總可以幫助我們把事情看清楚吧。這是當時在氣爆滿周年時,高美館所舉辦的《走過愛堅強─高雄石化氣爆周年展演》,關鍵字其實就是凝視,還有引用了約翰‧伯格(John Berger)的話──看:每樣東西都泛溢出它的邊界、輪廓、範疇,泛溢出它的名稱。展覽裡面收錄的內容中,由蘇俊榮所帶領的方位影像科技有限公司所拍攝的現場照,經過一年後他們把資料重新整理,放到Roundme上面供大家觀看。這樣的計畫其實是非常務實性的,但是他被收錄到展覽裡面變成藝術作品,而這些確實讓我們更仔細的看到現實。
我們到底可以在高美館所辦這個展覽中凝視到什麼呢?現實到底在哪裡?我想讓大家在心裡留下這樣的思考。接著展期的同一時間,地球公民基金會舉辦了論壇、廣發宣傳單,主要述說台灣其實是中國非常重要的加工重汙染石化原料的出口區,導致的污染量極高,然而這百分之八十的產物對外輸出到大陸,也就是說,中下游精緻、利潤高的東西不會留在台灣。接著,這個石化工業對台灣的GDP而言只有少於4%的貢獻,可是汙染量可能超過我們的想像,所以這個比例是不協調的。第三點,石化產業的風險控管其實是非常難以駕馭的,比如五輕的輕油裂解廠在附近居民的抗議之下終於停止,但卻讓該地居民罹癌的比率多於正常人的一百倍以上。第四,像高雄的底下密集佈滿管線的城市狀態是全世界找不到的。最後,高雄作為一個工業城市已有半個世紀,非常需要面臨轉型,可是落實的非常少。這是地球公民基金會提供的非常具體、回應到今天講的數據以及事實的一個層面。
在氣爆滿百天時,同時台大周桂田老師集結各領域專家出版《永續之殤:從高雄氣爆解析環境正義與轉型怠惰》,從轉型正義、經濟正義、環境正義、城市風險控管等角度去談氣爆以及更廣義的環境維護問題。以藝術或文化性的行為與大眾觸及的程度當然是與此難以匹敵的狀態。所以比照阿多諾的問題,我想問是不是在811氣爆後,創作藝術是一個野蠻的行為?因為我們首先必須回應作品裡面呈現的數據跟資訊量要有多少、如何呈現。林泰州老師去年在北美館的展覽《我的身體就是空汙監測站》其中一件作品《看不見的鬼島》,這支影片提供了非常具體的數據,像是提到雲林六輕廠總共有66個加工廠392支煙囪169萬個元件,總面積高達2260公頃,是台灣最大的石化工業區。在2013年的時候環保署以無人空拍機拍攝發現裡面有三千多個儲運槽,可是麥寮六輕廠自己申報的只有一千八百多個,整個儲存容量平均是一到五萬立方公尺,最大容量是13萬立方公尺。所以整個麥寮生產的二氧化碳其實已經是台灣的1/4了。
回想一下,剛剛811展覽的作品裡比較迂迴的、抽象的表現形式,和這些具體的數據呈現,是兩種非常不同的典型。那究竟我們在回應充滿數據的生活中,藝術該表現什麼,文化該如何回應?接著,這些巨量的數據其實都是需要存疑的,因為我們所見的這些都是被扁平過的,所以這些數據對我們而言是神祕的。就像核能爭議,政府作為主要數據的提供者,我們到底如何判斷,或是如何抵抗其權威性。這些事情其實非常糾結,也是文化數據議題中重要的問題,我覺得解決的可能性是來自可以試著把個人連結到公共,可能可以稍微開始找到出口。
其實我也有受邀參加《走過愛堅強─高雄石化氣爆周年展演》,是以工作坊的方式呈現,工作坊第二階段的成果在高美館展出。這是高雄地底下石化管線的分布圖,氣爆之後,google上可以找到氣爆的地點,套疊圖面後的吻合度是非常高的。高美館邀請我帶工作坊回饋811的時候,我希望與民眾一起用當代人的思維模式──網路上搜尋資料、拼貼式的知識養成與美感──讓民眾介入、參與這些事情。當時在第一階段邀請各式各樣的人從不同的角度回應,有的是直接衝突地去思考環境、石化工業、歷史產業的問題。接著由我們與民眾共同完成集體創作,藉由民眾想像與創作自己的棲居來回應,這個棲居是一個光的小雕塑,並要附著在用高雄石化管線所搭建出來的巨大基地內。我必須很誠實的告訴各位,計畫做到這邊為止是失敗的,因為它其實完全沒有討論的效益,本來期待民眾會自發性的加入創作這個棲居,並思考每一個光雕塑要亮的話必須連結到這些維生的管線。我們各式各樣的東西都要管線,所以管線對我們而言其實不是萬惡,其實是一個雙面刃。
所以我們必須再往深處追究,如果用藝術去思考各式急性或慢性環境問題可能會有哪些狀況。初步歸類後或許有兩種情況,一種是由藝術喚起意識型,也就是先讓大家知道有一個嚴重問題,不過各式各樣的文化工業或媒體其實做的比我們還好,比如說高爾的《不願面對的真相》就有效地散播問題意識。第二個可能性則是解決問題型,例如藉由發明機器或裝置直接提供某些需求和問題。我個人覺得在徬徨之中,很多人都會傾向這樣的作法,因為可以具體地知道能貢獻什麼。但是往深層思考的時候,比如一位在思考環境議題我認為蠻重要的學者提出一個想法,在局部地抵抗環境問題的同時,將它放到全球尺度當中都是非常渺小的,因為全球都在不永續的狀況之下做一件小小的永續的事,其實難以真正的抵抗。
在喚起意識的例子中,林泰州的作品《我的身體就是空汙監測站》做了很多這樣的表達,如果以高爾《不願面對的真相》的角度來說能夠引起一些討論,林泰州自己提出這樣的努力能不能達到類似的效果。很多人對這件作品的反應和回饋是恐怖和絕望,像是吳瑪俐老師其實也有在台新的藝評裡提到「可不可以不要那麼絕望」。可是林泰州表示他就是深切的感覺到了,但他說這樣的作品做巡迴展其實來的人不多,效益並不好,所以才會想要做各樣的突圍,在各式藝文展覽或電影節呈現,因為至少這樣的呈現方式可以支撐一至三個月。所以我們必須考慮一個藝術或展覽的行為所產生的效益問題,而從另一個角度來說,藝術圈也有接受問題。比如說林靖傑在台新的ARTalks上寫的關於《我的身體就是空汙監測站》的藝評,他提到他不確定林泰州這樣的做品是不是為了突圍,也就是他不太確定務實性的回應層面較多,還是創作者的創作內在必須性較重。所以我們必須從這裡思考取經藝術的問題。陳泰松也曾提及林泰州的問題其實真正要問的就是事件性,以及藝術當中亙古、永恆的經典性,這兩種藝術中重要的成分是相互牴觸的,所以其實他暗示著林泰州的作品對他而言恐怕不是藝術作品,而是一個較接近文化行動的東西。
還有另一個致命的問題,辦展覽或我們現在的行為都會消耗非常多能源,當我們在製造碳足跡的同時去討論減少碳足跡,這本身就是一個非常大的矛盾。當時811展覽,我帶領「高師跨藝自責團隊」在高美館進行小型的集體創作的時候,當然也直接遭受民眾的質問,我對他們說這可以引起民眾思考的意識,但引起的效益真的有點弱,所以說起來挺心虛的。所以我當時希望做些能夠細水長流、慢慢地發揮效應的事情,所以做了「譜普市」(Popping City)的虛擬城市,中英文關係其實有雙關關係,我希望它是一個大眾的城市,所以是popular city,而pop本身就像爆米花爆炸的聲音。
進入這個平台之前,要先給大家看一個表格,這是政府開始實行的空汙總量管制的表格,也就是這邊有台灣開始控管的六百多家高屏地區的工廠產生的四個污染量(懸浮微粒、硫氧化物、氮氧化物、揮發性物質),這樣複雜表列的公開資訊應該是普遍大眾不會主動檢視的。但是若將表格和數字數據轉化為視覺資訊,大家就比較能夠輕易理解和解讀,有了這樣的概念後開始帶大家看這個平台。
這就是譜普市,這裡所有的建築物都是當地真實的,沒有任何虛構的成分,下面的管線是按照高雄市的管線標示法畫出來的,這就是譜普市的一個跨平台,一旦你註冊成為譜普市居民後就可以在此跟大家聊天。然後此地是博物館島,裡面呈現各式各樣難以理解的資訊,像是空氣汙染與相應的工廠關係。接著是棲居島,民眾所創作的棲居可以入住到城市裡,城市是按照高雄街景去建構的。然後這是創造譜普市的工廠,也就是說民眾可以在此藉由影像處理軟體將影像上傳,進行簡單的拼貼,做成自己的棲居所在並入住到城市內,而且可以決定自己棲居的所在,可以去感受不同城市的資訊,而這些資訊都會用真實的城市資訊來餵養。這個平台的設計企圖就是想要動員民眾成為創作者,創作成自己的棲居後,入住到一個根據真實城市而打造出來的虛擬城市,遊戲、聊天性的行為中不知不覺吸收各式各樣的資訊,好讓我們集結起來,去對抗現在廣義的環境問題,這大概就是我們努力這個平台的初衷。
https://www.facebook.com/PoppingCityArtStudio
To respond to the theme of this forum, I would like to set the tone on the small question of “the publicness of self” or “every single one in the public” and to talk about my project in these couple of years. This project “Popping City” derives from a specific event – the gas explosion in Kaohsiung on August 11th four years ago. I will analyze this with the perspective of cultural data. To let everyone form a real recollection, it was the most massive scale disaster in the petrochemical industry in Taiwan, roads were blown open, 32 people were dead, and 65 people out of 300 injured victims were heavily wounded.
This picture shows how Kaohsiung is surrounded by five industrial districts, which you can only imagine how concentrated the underground petrochemical gas pipelines were. When facing a catastrophe like this, what can arts do? I have no idea what kind of answers everyone could provide. People from the literature and arts field responded quickly, within a week, poets from Quidong Poetry Salon released poems that help to calm the hearts and minds of the victims. Theodor W. Adorno has a famous saying, which pointed out how it is barbaric to write poems after Auschwitz. He believes that if one responds disasters with art and if one's critical mind couldn’t reflect with its entirety, then the collecting of thoughts after silence or calm doesn’t help with anything, because the real situation is that the whole thinking system has been objectified. Adorno later regrets what he said, and admits in Negative Dialectics that he wasn't entirely right because the ones who stayed and lived with remorse and commemoration still retain the rights to cry out. However, his saying after the adjust becomes far more pessimistic. He believes this question should be asked: It is quintessentially not right for you to linger on, how could you stay alive like this? As a survivor, you are already an accomplice to this problem. What he proposed was a pessimistic and negative argument, therefore, writing poems or making arts would easily stir up complicated and intricate issues.
The second possibility though, what if one commemorates with arts? There might be a lot of events and commemorative actions when the gas explosion reached a whole year circle, though it's hard to imagine how long it would last since memories are selective. This year, a commemorative public landscape art set in the surrounding of the severely destroyed Wucyuan Elementary School named〈The Ripple of Memories〉. Reportedly the residences wanted a memorial form of ritual, later in an invite competition, Professor Yen Ming Hung and his team constructed a landscaped area. At first sight, the lot looks like a small park, the only architecture in the area is structured with basic geometric shape, what’s left is the pipeline that is meant for commemoration. The design of the landscape reflects the scene of how the gas explosion tore the ground apart. This project was inclusive of victim families’ participation due to their inquiries, with collections of their recollection embedded on the memory lane, the commemorative sculpture did its best to encompass all sides of the tragedy. However, the work is presented with a subtle, geometric and abstract way, though it includes some data or the names of the victims in honor, it’s still not a comfortable state for people to contemplate with.
The third possibility is maybe how the arts always help us to see things. When the accident just passed for a year, Kaohsiung Museum of Arts held an exhibition “Cross, Love, Strong - Kaohsiung Petrochemical Gas Explosion Annual Performance.” The exhibition included photos that shot by Su, Chun-Jung led FanWei Image Technology Co., Ltd, rearranged after a year and uploaded on Roundme and make the pictures on view for everyone. The project was efficient. When it was included in the exhibition as artworks, it did provide a closer look on reality, and yet, what did we gaze upon in this exhibition that held by Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts? Where is the truth? In the meantime, Citizen of the Earth, Taiwan held forums and handed out flyers to provide Taiwan’s Petrochemical industry a real side of data and facts.
When the gas explosion reached its first hundredth day, Professor Kuei Tien Chou from Taiwan University put together a panel of experts from different fields and published The Swan Song of Sustainable Development: Environmental Justice and Transitional Inertia in Kaohsiung Gas Blast. The book discusses gas explosion and a broader sense of environmental protection from various angles like transitional justice, economic justice, ecological justice, and city risk management. The extent to reaching the public with arts and cultural actions certainly wouldn’t look prettier. Thence, as Adorno questioned, I am wondering if creating artworks after the 811 gas explosion is barbaric behavior because we have to see to the information and data in the creative work and ways to present it. How should the arts present themselves and how does the culture respond in this life that’s full of data?
Moreover, these vast quantities of data are questionable, they are presented with bulldozed results, and hence they are often, to us, mysterious. Take the controversial nuclear power as an example, the government is the primary provider of these data, how do we tell or how to fight against its authority? These are matters that are conflicted, but also questions that hold importance regard to the issues of cultural data. I believe the possibility of resolving these questions lies in the connection of oneself to the public, with this, we find a way to the solution.
So perhaps, we need to dig deeper to think about situations of environmental issues that might occur slowly or hastily with the apparatus of art. There are a couple of maybe conditions with initial categorizing: The first is the “consciousness awaken by art type”, which means to inform people with the serious problem but let them also know how some in culture industry or media is doing better than us, such as Al Gore's 〈An Inconvenient Truth〉. The second possibility is “solving problem type,” such as the invention of some machinery or device to provide directly to the problems and needs.
Another fatal problem is that huge exhibition or the actions we take consume much energy. It within itself embraces an enormous contradiction when we are talking about carbon footprints but also making them. I want to do something that would have a gradual effect and go a long way, that's why I made a virtual city called “Popping City.” It is a double entendre when you see it’s English and Chinese translation. I want it to be a city for the people, a popular city, and “pop” itself sounds like when popcorn is being cooked and ready.
Before going into this platform of Popping City, I want to show everyone the government’s air pollution total amount control table. There are four types of pollution (suspended particles, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile substances) made by more than 600 factories in Kaohsiung-Pingdong region, which are monitored by the country (Taiwan). People wouldn’t regularly check this kind of complicatedly listed open data. However, it would be more easily understand and readable if tables and numbers are turned into visual information.
This is Popping City. The buildings here existing, nothing is fiction. The pipeline under is designed following pipeline labeling standards of Kaohsiung City. Once you are registered to be a citizen of Popping City, you can start chatting with everyone. There is a “Museum Island,” a place that tells you all sorts of information that’s as clear as mud, like the relationship between air pollution and its foil factory. There is also an “Inhabitant Island,” a place where people can place their designed quarters into the city, where it's also constructed mirroring the streetscape of Kaohsiung City. The “factory,” in which the Popping City was created, means people can upload images via the image processing software, make simple collages, turn them into their own quarters and move into the city, of which with the power deciding where to live, to feel the information in different cities, information that is fed with cities in reality. The purpose of this platform is to encourage people to become creators, to create their own home, to move into a virtual city that’s made based on an actual city, to play and absorb all sorts of information unknowingly while in the action of chatting, with this, to gather all of us and to fight against the environmental problem it is now. That is probably the first intention that we work persistently for this platform.
https://www.facebook.com/PoppingCityArtStudio