【棲居之事 Habitat Matteres｜講座詳記】我們如何將景觀和環境元素融入城市肌理之中? How Do We Integrate Landscape and Environmental Qu

講者 Speaker：麥可.霍恩 Mike Horne

這是我第一次來到台灣，也很榮幸能夠來參加這麼有趣的討論。早上洪教授提到生態的定義與人類如何把這個定義簡化後讓我們去了解關於自然的討論。另外侯老師這邊有分享到有關社區自動自發發生的一些事情，有些時候外力的介入不見得好或壞，可是很有趣。

我本身是從事設計，目前不是教授或是學術背景，我最喜歡的事情就是把人和空間連結，把人帶到這個程序裡去創造一些地景和空間。負育群帶空間，英文是Collective Negative Space，其實對於一個說英文的人而言，我對於他的了解應該是「Public Domain」。其實所謂的公共空間（Public Domain）跟道德、主題都有一點關係，從英文語言來說，這是我們了解空間的方法。所謂公共空間就是城市中如何產生最大化的空間供給市民使用，就如同今天這個場域，過去關閉多年，那我們要如何讓人的身體和想法可以進來到這樣的實驗場域。棲居（habitat）就是人住的地方，就像台北市就是台北人的地盤，那我們要如何把我們的城市變得更好，就是我們今天下午要討論的重點。

地球這個生態系統現在面臨很多威脅，像是人口問題、資源大規模使用與衰竭問題、食物問題、塑膠問題，或者三十年前擔心的原油問題。所有的資源都在急速地用盡中，所以我們應該要重新定義我們的不斷成長中的城市，思考如何讓我們的城市和地球更有韌性，好讓我們可以持續生存已經是個全球性的趨勢。聯合國人居署（United Nations Human Settlements Programme，簡稱UN-HABITAT）本身是一個在做此類相關研究與建設的領導機構，所以身為景觀設計師或建築師，我們主要是在場所、系統與社區裡從事我們的職業。這是我很崇拜的丹麥建築師Jan Gehl，相信城市和場域可以帶來塑造文化的力量。我們覺得如果公共空間可以承載和呈現我們良好的文化水準，一定會讓城市變得更好，而所謂的公共空間和負空間才是我們真正生活、聚集在一起的地方，所以應該不能說是負空間，應該是一個正面的空間。

我們公司有承接整個城市的規劃案，也有小一點的建案，通常大規模的建案主要是跟汙染和環保議題或者古蹟保留的議題相關，不管是在城市或郊區都有承接專案，我們主要是希望能整合都會和自然。我們的設計過程非常簡單，在每個設計時，我們必須要深入地了解每個問題，所以在開始拿起畫筆之前需要先傾聽，在馬斯洛人類需求五層次理論的金字塔對我而言就是我做所有事情的點金石。這個金字塔是一層層建構上去的，如果下面基礎沒有穩定好的話，一開始就直上到頂端是沒有用的，所以當我們在設計公共空間的時候，大家要多倚賴這張圖，如果你把下面的基礎打得穩的話，上面就會水到渠成。

這是我們幫城市創造的一個花園，我很樂於與社區合作並共同創造不論是生活、學習等各式各樣的空間。身為景觀設計師看到小朋友在你設計的空間裡玩是一種很滿足的體驗，現在我們花越來越多時間在盯著我們的手機，但有些時候需要一個享受自我的空間。就像侯老師一樣，我很希望能夠有在地社群和居民的參與，如果不能回應他們的需求是沒辦法做出好設計的。我們要達成的目標很多，但我們要用節約一點的作法，因為我們的資源有限。

這是一個大學學園，我們被要求要把它轉換成屬於人的場域，這是我跟我的丹麥夥伴一起合作的。設計想法就是連結場域的歷史和大學學生以及一般居民，所以我們喜歡在這裡加入草皮，正好呼應我們公司的名稱。這是雪梨市的俯看圖，圈起來的是中央公園，以前是一個釀酒廠，大小和現在的空總差不多，當時那一塊基地也是因為都更需要有些新建設，同時傳統建築也需要保留，但是我們需要更多所謂的負空間，也就是公共空間。做開發時很常忽略了這些公共空間，所以我們有很多不同的小計劃，我們希望注入一些環保概念，當然更重要的是和在地社區的連結，我們辦了市集和慶典等各種活動都蠻受歡迎的。另外剛提到需要有新的建築住宅，這一棟是綠建築，我住在其中一層樓裡，因為我覺得我需要負責做這個專案的後續使用評估。剛開始提到希望這是一棟綠建築的時候，我們當然同意但同時也很擔心，我們希望創造環保的街區而不單單只是基礎建設而已，我們需要有一個實體的建築來彰顯這樣的概念。剛開始雖然只是一個概念，但後續需要考量非常多技術上的細節，當然最終結論是這是個很「綠」的建築，但最重要的問題是，我們要如何灌溉種在外面的這些花花草草，它究竟只是表面上看起來是綠色的建築，還是它是個真正綠建築？我可以跟大家說，它其實真的能調節氣溫，而且澆花的水源都來自住戶的家庭用水。另外在這個專案的附近有一條雪梨市最舊的一小條街區，當初也是釀酒廠的一部分，所以我們希望把保持它，畢竟它具有歷史文化意涵，我們和開發商與建築師一起討論一些簡單的想法，因為那一條街區有跟那邊的中國城連結，這些屋子都沒有改建過，我們只是讓它重生，活得更有生機。

這是倫敦的文教區，這是一個非常巨型的專案，身為景觀建設人士的我們如何把它做到適宜棲居其實非常困難，比方說像我家旁邊的這種小區域範圍還容易一點，但這麼大的規模是比較困難的。這是一些較早期的設計圖，我們希望能在這區域內不斷地注入景觀，但說起來容易啊。

剛剛看到的都是一些都會的景觀，接下來想談的雪梨公園是對我而言非常特別的專案之一，對於雪梨市政府來說也是一個非常重要的專案。這是一個在後工業城市古居中再生的一個專案，這邊原本是造磚廠，當地的泥土都被挖來造磚，挖出來的洞就成為垃圾掩埋處，所以其實是一塊蠻複雜的環境，有四十公頃大，剛剛看到的煙囪就是當初燒磚的煙囪。這個專案主要是利用紅線區劃起來的集水區將水集中到公園內的湖泊裡，所以可以看到綠色部分是公園，周圍就是集水區，整個公園過去是掩埋場，所以下面都是垃圾，造成那塊地表並不是很穩定。我們當初的目標只先放在儲水，但是既然已經有儲水區，那何不把它做成一個適合棲居的地方吸引更多物種來，又何不讓藝術家來參與過程，不是說要在這邊放藝術品，但希望有不同角度的想法，所以我們希望把各方面的觀點和專業帶進來，而不只是工程、水資源。作為一位景觀設計師來說，這是一個蠻有趣的專案，因為我需要放下自己的自尊，因為我希望這個專案主要就是要讓每個人的意見都能獲得表達，我只是居於一個領導和協調的角色，所有的意見都需要靠各方人士踴躍發言。

我們的基礎建設就是將集水區的水打到湖泊裡面，在流進集水區的過程中會有自然性的濾水作用，就像是濕地概念這樣的建設。另外這個公園每年吸引數十萬人來玩的狀態下，要如何創造適合野生動物棲居的地方呢，我覺得這其實很簡單，只要有活水甚麼事情就都活了，所以最重要的就是水。我們剛開始有邀請藝術家參與，但又不要是藝術品，結果最後市政府還是會覺得要加一點藝術品進去，我們是跟Turpin + Crawford Studio 兩位很棒的藝術家合作，他們的回饋對專案來說有很大的幫助。我們蓋了四個濕地，而剛剛三根煙囪那邊是最高的一片濕地，所以從集水區流進來的水是從右上角流進來，周邊很多小塊的溼田就是生態型的自然濾水機制，水流進去後就會被過濾然後流到濕地裡，流到最下面的水池後再將它打到最上面的這片溼地，每年估計是大約330個奧運游泳池場地的水量。剛剛最高的溼地那邊有類似堤壩的設計好讓水流下來做自然的過濾，前一張照片的最上面那塊濕地有像水渠一樣的東西，就是藝術家設計的作品，它用來傳輸水源，並非突兀地立在那邊的藝術品。

除了這些設計之外，我們希望可以開放讓兒童在此遊玩，這不單只需要設計好的遊戲，而是需要更多體驗。這是之前提到從集水區蒐集水進來後送水的水道，你可以看到從城市的地下水流進濾水區，通過這些植被覆蓋的土壤過濾乾淨後，從下面三個水道流進溼地。至今兩三年，這些棲居地擁有非常多元的生態，有非常多的青蛙、蜻蜓等，這裡雖是城市市中心，但當你一進入就彷彿到了大自然，而且它本身並非人為而是自然，但同時又是人為的景觀，所以才能看到如此多元的生態。這也是寵物友善公園，是可以讓寵物到處亂跑的公園，對於大人、小孩和寵物來說，這是一個可以亂跑的公園，對有些人來說可能很緊張，但這更能塑造屬於這個公園的精神象徵。我們在設計景觀時不單只是為了人，其實也是在為地球盡一份心力，謝謝。

http://turfdesign.com/

I work in the field of design, neither being a professor nor coming from an academic background. Yet, the thing I like the most is to connect people with places and create landscapes and spaces during the process of creation. “Collective Negative Space Village”, for an English speaker, to my understanding, refers to “Public Domain.” It is something relating to ethics, the way how we read spaces and how we produce the maximum space in an urban city for its citizens. Just like this site we are using for today’s event, which is used to be closed for the public for many years, how we can encourage people to enter such an experimental site with both of their bodies and mind? Habitat is where people live, just like Taipei city is the place for people living in Taipei. Then, how can we make our city better? This is the crucial point that we will discuss this afternoon.

Earth as an ecosystem is now facing many threats, such as human overpopulation, resource overconsumption and resource scarcity, food safety, or issues related to plastic and crude oil. All resources are being exhausted. Thus, we should redefine those growing cities and think about how to make our cities and the planet more resilient for use to survive. The United Nations Human Settlements Program is the leading institute doing related research and establishment. Being as landscape designers or architects, we are mainly working in particular spaces, systems or communities and believing cities and sites are able to reshape our culture. However, the so-called public spaces and negative spaces are the places we do live and gather together, and maybe we should not call it as the negative space. A positive space should be a better word to describe its characteristic.

Our company has been taking some urban planning projects for the whole city and some smaller projects. Usually projects in bigger scale are often related to the issues of pollution, environment preservation, or heritage reservation. No matter the projects take place in urban area or rural site, we tries to integrate the urban spaces with the nature. Our design processes are quite simple. When doing the design, we have to thoroughly comprehend each issue and “listen” to the needs before doing the sketches. I am just glad to cooperate with communities and co-create spaces for living and studying. As a landscape designer, I feel content when I see children having fun at the places I designed. Nowadays, we spend more and more time staring at our cell phone; we are always connecting with others, however, sometimes we just want to disconnect and simply be alone with ourselves. I do hope we can invite local communities and residents to participate since it is not possible to come up with an excellent solution of design without dealing with their needs. There are lots of aims we should achieve; however, we should do it in an economic ways, since we do not have much resource.

Central Park in Sydney City used to be a winery. The size of the park is around the same size of TAF/C-Lab. The site was also in need for new constructions due to the urban renovation; meanwhile, traditional buildings shall also be reserved. However, we needed more so-called negative spaces, which meant public spaces. These public spaces were often overlooked during development. We had a lot of different small projects And we hoped to input some environmental awareness and to enhance the connection with local communities. We built a green building, and I live in one of the flats. Firstly when we had the idea of constructing a green building, we agreed on this idea but being worried about it. We wished to create blocks that were friendly to the environment instead of mere basic construction. We needed an entity to present such concept. Though it appeared as a concept, we had to consider many details regarding the practical techniques. Surely the conclusion was this was a “green” building. However, the most important thing was how we can water the plants growing outside of the building. Was it mere the green color on the exterior, or was it a genuine green building? I can tell you that it actually is able to regulate the temperature, and the residents water the plants with the water from home. There was another oldest block in Sydney which used to be part of the winery, and we would like to keep it for its historical significance. We have exchanged some simple ideas with developers and architects. Since the block was connected to the Chinatown, all those buildings remained still, and we were just trying to make it alive again and more energetic.

We have been looking at cityscapes. And now, the project of Sydney Park I would like to share was a special project for me and the city government of Sydney. This was a renovation project taking place in a post-industrial city. This was originally a brick factory, and the soil was dug out for fabricating bricks while the hole was used as a landfill. So, it was actually a very complicated environment with a total size of forty hectares. This project mainly used a watershed to gather the water into the lake in the park. The original aim of the project was to store the water. However, we thought that since there was already a watershed, why not made it a place suitable for dwelling to attract more species to live here; and why not invite the artists join the process? So we want to bring in all aspects of the field and expertise, not just bringing in mere engineering and water resources. As a landscape designer, this was a very interesting project, because I needed to put aside my self-esteem and let everyoneʼs opinions be expressed. I was just the coordinator, and we were welcoming all kind of opinions.

The infrastructure construction is to pump the water from the watershed into the lake. During the process, there is automatic water filtration, just like the construction of the wetland concept. And how do we create a place that was suitable for wildlife habitats when it attracts hundreds of thousands of people every year? I think this is actually very simple. As long as there is flowing water, everything will live. Therefore, the most important thing is water. We invited artists to participate in the project, but we wanted the outcome to be more than the works of art. At the end, we worked with two great artists, and their feedback helped the project a lot. We have constructed four wetlands. There are three chimneys standing on the highest wetland while the water coming from the upper right corner from the watershed. Some small wetlands around it serve as the natural ecological water filtrations. The filtered water goes into wetlands; when it arrives at the bottom pond, the water will be pumped back to the wetland again. The amount of water is estimated to be about 330 Olympic swimming pools per year. The highest wetland has a dam-like design that allows the water to flow down for filtration. There is a canal-like construction in the wetland, and that is the works done by the artist that is used to transport water, not just an artwork standing there.

Besides these facilities, we hope to make it available for children to play here. We need to design more interesting games and provide more opportunities for them to experience. It has been two to three years since the project was completed, and there is a diverse ecosystem in this habitat. There are so many frogs and dragonflies. Though it is located at the city center, you will get the sense of nature once you enter. It has both the artificial and natural parts; thus the ecological systems here are various. It is also an animal-friendly park where every creature is allowed to run in the park. The spiritual symbol of the park is thus shaped by the scenery. When we design, we are not just doing for the residents but devoting ourselves to the Earth.

http://turfdesign.com/