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【建築之外 Beyond Architecture|講座詳記】建築如何扮演大地微氣候的其中一份子 How Architecture Plays A Role in Microclimate

講者 Speaker:絡吳工作室 ROEWU Architecture

這個實驗性的主題「建築之外」翻譯成「Beyond Architecture」,如何談這個主題必須取決於你如何定義「建築」。對我們來說,建築本來就有很多定義,但這個主題有趣的地方是,從我們的角度來看,建築是「在邊界以外的」(ouside of boundary)。在邊緣地帶的狀況,往往都是學建築的人非常關心的。對我們的實踐裡,這個建築是「在邊界之間」(between the boundary),眼睛不可見的力量, 如何穿透於邊界與邊界之間,是我們所關心的主題。

史蒂芬和我盡量地實踐設計的理論和建築的實踐, 我們希望在研究跟實踐中能夠互相的激盪。以個人來講,我們對於建築的定義是與個人的經驗有關,史蒂芬和我剛好都是來自於海島型國家,他在愛爾蘭長大,而我在臺灣長大,海島型國家的天氣、氣候是非常極端的,熱會很熱,冷的時候是風大又冷。冷跟熱的知覺,其實跟個人的經驗相關,對我們來講,在建築氣象學環境熱力學中, 「熱」(thermo)這個因素是非常重要的,影響了氣溫、熱流、空氣的通透性。

舉個例子,美國建築師路易斯康(Louis Kahn)在美國加州的Salk Institute for Biological Studies所做的無形的設計。如何去設計這些無法碰觸與觀看的力量呢?他把建築物配置於一片海景之前,建築物延伸後的端景有了一片天空和海。這片天空在不同的時間之下開始有了不同的表情,有的時候是一片藍天,有時候稠雲密佈,有時候陽光強烈,讓陰影變成最大的空間定義的因素,有時候海風濕度非常大甚至有雨水的時候,混凝土和地上的義大利石開始吸收水分,有的時候是根據你參與的狀況,比方說你和你的朋友或家人一起去參與的感知也不同。「So, he said : The sensitivity of the space was define by this sky behind the architecture.」,我們可以很清楚的了解「between the boundary」和「beyond the boundary」really is what define the space。這樣的案例,你可能覺得他好像沒有設計,或者建築物好像不是主角,但是這些建築物都是去幫忙這一片天空表現不同型態和表情的最佳配角,透過building fabric和構築本身,天空才能夠散發出影響情緒的力量。

再舉一個有趣的案例,這是一個人工的太陽,是藝術家奧拉維爾 · 埃利亞松 (Olafur Eliasson)在泰德現代美術館的渦輪廳的「天氣計畫」。他在三四層樓高 的虛空間中引進了一個假的太陽。有趣的是人們在大廳把外套脫掉,直接躺下或坐下,並肩在地板上開始享受日光。這並不是真正的太陽或夕陽,但這樣的暖度和光度便可以吸引我們將外套脫掉。這些眼睛不可見的力量,卻是在建築場域中影響人的活動、情緒的誘發因素。

我們再把情境拉到完全不依賴電力的狀況下。在大樹下,在還沒有電力、還沒依賴空調的時候,也許是說故事,也許是村落進行會議時,大家會很自然地去有陰影、有涼風的地方。同樣的舒適度也在諾曼 · 福斯特(Norman Robert Foster)於香港上海銀行的一樓地面入口看到,其實它是一片空地,在週末的早上會吸引許多人群聚集,沒有約定的活動會在這裡發生。或者是新加坡的國家圖書館楊經文(Ken Yeang)的作品,在「大廳層」(Entry Level)的地方,也是在週末早上吸引了很多人去跳舞。這些活動自然而然地產生,原因就是環境的誘發。在臺灣長大的朋友對熱這件事是非常有經驗的,在七八月時的熱度照射下,人會沿著有出簷和陰影的地方行動,或者是樹底下自然產生的陰影地景(shadowscape),就會變成人們產生活動的地方。

和大家分享一個大約十年前的台北競圖案,是萬華的406廣場,雖然我們得了首獎,但是這個提案最後並沒有被蓋出來,但對我們來說是一個設計理論上的里程碑。基地在台北西部的一塊舊址,也是日本政府當年留下的佛教信仰建築(西本願寺),當時市政府希望可以找到新的生命,讓舊有的物件產生新的身分。在台灣日照時數長且強烈的情況下,往往有很多公共空間因此沒有被加以使用,所以我們的想法就是從shadow scape出發。這個公共空間由於大部分都是不透水的地面材質,非常吸熱,所以在熱這件事情上,希望以建築作為配角,調配出吸引多一點人來使用這個公共廣場的可能。我們從一系列的百葉開始想像,如果對百葉開始做一些作動,那陰影可能隨著太陽和時間的動態,產生不同的疏密度陰影,所以我們希望這樣的陰影效應可以在這個廣場上發生它的能量。我們透過很多熱能分析,研究出不同時間的陰影的組合和模式。我要先解釋一下基本的熱力動力學,熱空氣會有比較低的氣壓,冷空氣會有比較高的氣壓,所以氣壓很自然地就會從高氣壓流到低氣壓,這個物理學完全不用電力,有一定的溫度差時,就會產生這樣的氣流。我們的設計就是從這個概念出發,所以如果我們創造好幾處冷熱簇群,就會引發好幾個不同的氣流。地表是第一層,第一層如果是用這些不透水的材質就會吸收很多熱。那麼我們又加了第二層──空中飄浮的百葉層,讓陽光先經過一次的過濾、反射,並且產生陰影效應。在這兩個層次中間又經過了一個垂直熱力塔,垂直熱力塔頂端會受太陽照射而特別熱,那接地處已經透過第一層的太陽過濾,所以就會有陰影,這裡就會產生垂直的冷熱差,所以經過這樣的浮力熱力塔,就可以自然地引發氣流。而我們也希望在基地上好幾個歷史建築可以保留,畢竟是台灣所經歷的歷史記憶,所以我們將基地上幾個重要的保留物環繞於剛剛說的熱力塔,接著在地表處透過簇群、地表的不同坡度將軟景觀引用進來。所以你可以看到陰影一天的移動狀態,以及可以看到三個層次交互相疊的影響結果。在不同的陰影效應之下,會吸引青少年來跳街舞,又或者是另外一個年齡層的群體來打太極。

熱力對我們而言是很重要的議題,但是熱力畢竟跟文化沒有太大的關係,我們更在乎的是科學如何影響比較實質的面向。英國藝術家透納對熱力很感興趣, 他的畫作通常可以看到像氣旋一樣的東西,十九世紀的前半段,英國有許多蒸氣相關的科技出現,在這些畫作中,也可以感覺到從火車引擎上冒出的蒸氣和熱能的流動,他最有名的一幅畫是一艘舊的船準備被一艘新的蒸汽船拖去廢棄場拆解。這張圖創造了熱和冷,我們的視覺會感受到氣流的流動。我們可以看到英國工業革命時期,工業化的潮流席捲並改變了全世界;它也帶來了氣候變遷,所以我們現在的暖化從十九世紀初開始。我覺得這張圖有點潛意識地反映出當初看起來如此正面的工業化發展,卻可以感受到負面的氣候變遷發展,壟罩在我們上方。

當時透納本身並不是一個人孤軍奮戰,他參與的學會裡面有許多的建築師,當時研發的眾多科學中,最主要就是熱力學的領域。當時開始有新建的大型建築物,例如教堂、歌劇院等,但是當時並沒有所謂的電力和空調,所以必須要仰賴熱力學,所以當時就有許多複合的空間都必須相互仰賴,因為它們並不是一個單獨的物件,而是一個熱力系統。所以在建築物裡有熱的空間,也有冷的空間,這樣才可以創造空氣的對流,在不用電的情況下控制溫度。除了外部大氣的環境之外,也仰賴內部氣流的流動來調節室內溫度,熱氣會上升、冷空氣會下降,上升後又蒸發出去,這些建築物其實本身就像熱力引擎一樣,是利用溫差來創造氣流。但是到了二十世紀,這方面的知識卻失傳了。全球的現代主義影響,我們看到大樓都完全隔絕掉外部大氣的環境,仰賴空調來調節內部氣溫。這是WHO世界衛生組織在瑞士日內瓦的總部,這也是一次競圖,WHO世界衛生組織裡的人來自世界各地,不同地方的人對於冷熱的忍受程度不同,人體其實是一個高精密度的感官系統,我們可以輕易地感受到溫度和濕度的不同之處,我們也能在環境裡面找到最舒適的環境。那所謂全權化的現代主義的設計概念,它的問題便在於我們並沒有針對人的不同去做考量,彷彿所有的人類都是一樣的。

作為另外一種選項,我們的提案就是一個熱力的地景,藉由不同的區塊讓世界各地的人都能夠找到他們覺得最舒適的角落。這個提案就是說在新的辦公環境中,不像以前一樣都是一致性、正正方方的,我們是想要提出有不同溫度的角落,讓感受度不一樣的人找到最適合的地方。剛剛看到設計的地方是熱力學的部分,也是經過一些複雜的分析和設計,另外我們談到辦公室地景的部分,這個概念是在1970年代初提出的,但當時這個概念並沒有流行的原因是因為它的彈性不夠,沒有辦法適當回應不同的人的需求。在我們的設計裡面,試圖去回應不同樣的需求,有不同的角落,讓他們去尋找最舒適的空間。所以在同一層辦公室裡有高低溫度不同的角落,讓大家可以自由的選擇,在辦公室的下一層是一個開放式的空間,不但有遮蔽,還有一些像是餐廳、美食街等等的設計。後面的長方形就是既有的建築,前面這個就是我們設計的辦公室地景,這兩棟大樓中間就變成新的入口。另外,從上方的角度看到的大型天窗,可用來作為調節溫度的功能。

另外我們感興趣的議題就是建材的問題──除了靠熱力調節溫度之外,這些建材會不會因為氣候而改變?我們覺得鋼筋水泥的建築好像把外部空間完全隔絕,完全無法意識外面有什麼氣候變化。我們希望這些建材,可以引進外部的改變,讓我們在室內可以察覺到外頭的變化。這是一個在愛爾蘭的小房子建案,基地位在一個很陡的山坡地,我們原本的想法是把山坡整平後,放兩個較小的量體建築物,但是我們又想將外部包覆一層像是皮膚的東西,阻隔外部的冷空氣,又能夠引進陽光讓室內感到溫暖。這是一個早期的設計模型,概念是使用木製的瓦片,它會隨著時間的變遷而改變。這是一個空間的配置,它是坐東向西,西邊較開放一點,後面就是比較私人的空間。我們的熱力策略就是要在冬天的時候引進自然光,自動增加內部溫度;夏天則是擋住日光,不受它影響。這是這個房子的西側面,這幾張投影片是在我們在一天當中的幾小時之內照的一連串照片,可以看到它的日光變化,所以除了陽光的不斷變化之外,還有因為下雨讓瓦片吸了水之後的不同呈現,這個建材對周遭環境氣候的改變非常敏感,所以它也會做出因應的改變。在當時因為在準備藝術展的關係也作了一些研究,在房子中要引進自然光的部分,我們希望它有點像是雲的呈現,而不是簡簡單單的只是讓光線射進來,所以我們研究了像陽光透過雲層照射的整個概念系統來引進自然光。

另外一個重要的議題是材料與氣候的關係。鋼筋水泥的建築把外部空間隔絕,完全無法意識外面有什麼氣候變化,我們希望運用不一樣的建材來引進外部的變化,讓我們在室內可以察覺到外部性的變化。在我們的設計裡面,環境因素對我們來說非常重要,像是風流和材質之間的關係。比方說愛爾蘭古時候的碎石構築是一個很好的碎風機制, 所以這些建築物能夠在長時間的氣候打擊下屹立不搖。我們也把這樣的現象引進到建築裡。〈竹森之屋〉是在臺灣宜蘭的一個建案,臺灣的鐵窗文化很有趣,是人民自造的產物,但是它其實跟環境息息相關。因為環境惡劣、風吹雨打、日照強烈,這些鐵窗作為一個緩和的功能而被需要,是外界和內界之間的緩衝地帶。我們用竹子做為鐵窗文化的表達,建築 的塊體被竹子環抱、遮蔽,可以從沿街面看到房子的表情。

最後,我們還是希望提醒大家,這些環境力量帶來的舒適,重要的是它會去吸引人,使用者會在不同的時間點找到舒適和適合的地方,或者是原本我們沒有計畫進去的、出乎意料的所在。最終,我們希望空總這片土地不是一個孤立的 量體,它和臺北市的關係有沒有可能透過環境的因素,比方說雨量、熱量、風度,這些眼睛看不到的東西來想像這塊基地,因為這些都是非常影響生活品質 的東西。我們有沒有可能用風來想像這塊基地,或者把這塊基地想像成一塊布料,這塊布料如何塑風、導風、碎風,建築量體能不能變成一個輔導的角色來讓這些有趣、吸引人的天氣狀況產生。像是在倫敦的酒吧文化,在天氣很好的時候,酒吧裡有太陽光的那一邊就會聚集很多人聊天、喝小酒,這樣的場景就 是我們希望可以發生的事。

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This experimental topic was translated into “Beyond Architecture.” How to talk about this topic depends on how you define “architecture.” To us, architecture has many definitions to begin with, but the interesting thing about this topic is that, from our perspective, architecture is “outside of boundary.” Situations along the boundary are often most concerned by architecture students. To our practice, this building is “between the boundary;” how invisible forces weave through boundaries is a topic we care about.

Stephen and I do our best to practice design theories and strive for architectural practices. We hope to create sparks between research and practice. For us, our definition of architecture is related to personal experience. We are both from island countries; he grew up in Ireland, and I grew up in Taiwan. Island countries have extreme climates and weather conditions. It can be very hot and humid, but when it is cold, it is truly chilly and windy. Perception of hot and cold is very much related to personal experience. To us, “thermos” is a very important factor in the environmental thermodynamics of architectural meteorology, affecting temperature, thermal hydraulics, and permeability of air.

There is one interesting case. It is an artificial sun. This is “The Weather Project” by Olafur Eliasson in Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall. He introduced a fake sun into the empty space three, four levels high. The interesting thing is that visitors took off their coats, and sat down or lied down on the floor together to enjoy the sunlight. This is not the real sun or sunset, but this warmth and brightness make us take off our coats. These forces are invisible to our eyes, but are triggers that affect people’s activities and emotions inside architectures.

Let’s bring the scenario to a situation where we do not rely on electricity. Under a big tree, in a time there was no electricity and people did not rely on air conditioning, perhaps telling a story, or a village meeting, people would naturally go to places with shades and wind. The same comfort is what Norman Robert Foster sees at the ground level entrance of Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. It is actually an empty space, and many people gather there on weekend mornings. Unplanned activities will happen there. Or, Ken Yeang’s work in the National Library, Singapore, which is at the entry level, also attracts many people to go dancing on weekend mornings. These activities naturally happen, and are triggered by the environment. People who grow up in Taiwan are very experienced when it comes to heat. In the heatwaves of July and August, people will move along the eaves or shades, or shadowscapes naturally created under trees, and these places will become places where people have activities.

“Heat” is an important topic to us, but heat really has no relation with culture. We are more interested in how science affects more substantial aspects. British artist Joseph Mallord William Turner was very interested in heat, and his works often depict something that resembles a cyclone. In the first half of the 19th century, many steam- related technologies emerged in Great Britain, and in these paintings, you can feel the steam coming out of the steam locomotives and thermal flow. His most famous painting is about an old ship being towed by a new steamboat to the yard for dismantling. This painting creates heat and coldness, and our vision can sense the flow of air. We can see England during the Industrial Revolution, and the wave of industrialization took over and changed the world. It has also brought upon us climate change, so the global warming we have now really started back in the early 19th century. I think this painting subconsciously reflects the seemingly positive industrial development at the time, but I can also feel the negative development of climate change that looms over us.

At the time, Turner was not fighting alone. There were many architects in the societies that he was involved with, and among the many scientific developments at the time, thermodynamics was one of the main domain. Back then, new large buildings were beginning to be built, such as churches and opera houses, but they did not have electricity or air conditioning, so they needed to rely on thermodynamics. Therefore, many compound spaces must rely on each other for they were not isolated buildings, they were a thermodynamic system. So, inside the buildings, there were hot spaces and cold spaces, which created air convection to control temperature without using electricity. In addition to the external atmosphere, indoor temperature was regulated through internal flow of air; hot air would rise, and cold air would sink, and the risen hot air would evaporate. These buildings were like heat engines, creating flow of air through difference in temperature. However, by the 20th century, knowledge in this area was lost. Under the influence of global modernism, the buildings we see today block out the external atmospheric environment, and rely on air conditioning to regulate internal temperature. About the so-called globalized modernist design concept, its problem is that we do not consider people’s different states, and we treat all people as if they were all the same.

Another important issue is the relation between materials and climate. RC buildings block out the external space, and we are completely unaware of the changes outside. In our design, environmental factors are very important, like the relation between wind current and materials. For instance, clochán, an ancient Irish architecture, is a great wind-breaking mechanism, and therefore, these little stone huts can withstand the harsh climate over a long period of time. We want to also introduce this phenomenon into architecture.〈Bamboo Forest House〉is our project in Yilan, Taiwan. Taiwan has interesting window grid culture; Those window grids are the products made by the people, but they are actually very closely related to the environment. Due to the harsh elements, such as wind, rain, and sunlight, window grids are needed for its mitigative function; they represent a buffer zone between the inside and outside. We use bamboos as the expression of the window grid culture, and the volume of the architecture is embraced and covered by bamboos, and you can see the expression of the house from the street side.

Lastly, we still want to remind everyone that the important thing about this comfort brought by environmental forces is that it attracts people. Users will find comfortable and appropriate places at different point in time, or some unplanned and unexpected places. Finally, we hope this space here at TAF is not an isolated volume. Is it possible that, through environmental factors, such as precipitation, heat, and wind, that we can imagine this site and its relation with Taipei using these invisible things, because all these things have great influences on our quality of life. It is possible that we imagine this site using wind, or think of this site as a piece of cloth, and to find out how this piece of cloth can shape, channel, and break wind, and make the building volume take on a supporting role to make these interesting and attractive weather conditions happen. Just like the pub culture in London, when the weather is great outside, many people will gather on the sunny side inside the pub, chatting and drinking, and this scene is what we hope will happen here.

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